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Mosquito Eradication

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Posted by admin | Posted in mosquito control | Posted on 16-07-2009

Tags: control, laser, Malaria, mosquito, natural mosquito eradication, science

Mosquito Eradication

Yellow fever can be recognized in the historical texts dating back 400 years. Infection causes a wide spectrum of disease ranging from mild symptoms to severe illness and even death. The "yellow" in the name is explained by the jaundice that affects some patients, yellow eyes and yellow skin.

Yellow fever is difficult to recognize, especially during the early stages. It can be easily confused with malaria, typhoid, rickettsial diseases, hemorrhagic fevers viral (eg, Lassa fever), arbovirus infections (dengue, for example), leptospirosis, viral hepatitis and poisoning (carbon tetrachloride, for example). A laboratory analysis is needed to confirm a suspected case. Blood tests (serology) can detect yellow fever antibodies that are produced in response to infection. Several other techniques are used to identify the virus itself in the blood or liver tissue collected after death. These tests require highly trained laboratory staff using specialized equipment and materials.

Yellow fever causes epidemics that may affect 20% of the population. When epidemics occur in unvaccinated populations, fatality rates can exceed 50%. No treatment beyond supportive care exists. Yellow fever is common in West and Central Africa and parts of South America. Periodic epidemics of Africa lead to hundreds of thousands of cases. Fever yellow is a very rare cause of illness in U.S. travelers.

The yellow fever transmission occurs predominantly in areas of sub-Saharan Africa and South America 15A ° 10Â ° north and south of Ecuador. It has never been documented in Asia. Epidemics of yellow fever were dominant in Africa since 1986-1991, with about 20,000 cases and 6000 deaths. This is considered underestimated due to underreporting. These epidemics typically include 30-1000 cases and have mortality rates of 20-50%. In areas of Africa West, 200,000 endemic cases may occur annually.

The disease occurs only in sub-Saharan Africa and tropical South America (see Maps 4-15 and 4-16), where it is endemic and intermittently epidemic (see table 4-23 for a list of countries in the endemic area). The areas considered endemic for yellow fever have evidence of yellow fever transmission to humans and / or its potential, due to the presence of both a competent vector and VFA in primates nonhumans. In Africa, where there are most cases, a variety of mosquitoes carry the virus. The fatality rate from yellow fever in Africa is highly variable, but is almost 20%. Babies and children are at greater risk of severe disease.

Two live, attenuated yellow fever vaccines, strains 17D-204 and 17DD, were derived in parallel in the 1930s. Historical data suggest that these "17D vaccines" have identical safety and immunogenicity profiles. Despite a marked reduction in the global incidence of yellow fever in the last five decades due to extensive use of 17D vaccine and eradication programs of mosquitoes, at least seven tropical countries of South America (Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guyana, Peru and Venezuela) and much of sub-Saharan Africa currently experiencing epidemics of yellow fever. However, the actual areas of activity of yellow fever virus much higher than officially reported infected zones epidemics.

Yellow fever decimated the populations of American troops in the Spanish-American War, prompting the appointment of a Commission Yellow Fever. Dr. Walter Reed (for whom the famous military hospital is the name) was named to head it. In September 1900, the Commission concluded the virus vector was the mosquito and yellow fever could be transmitted experimentally to a human through infected blood. Without an animal model, the studies relied on volunteers humans. Although the commission is actively trying to infect humans with potentially lethal doses of virus, were pioneers in the earliest forms of informed consent.

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